Contemporary Canadian cuisine is about as diverse as our landscape, but there are several quintessentially Canadian dishes and flavours that truly represent Canucks in the eyes of the world. Dishes and flavours that are ours alone, discovered and created by our foremothers and forefathers, out of neccessity, using indigenous ingredients and transplanted ingenuity.
Today, almost 500 years after European settlement, fresh indigenous ingredients and clean, unpretentious preparation underpin Canadian modern natural cuisine. A cuisine which, more than almost any other, follows the seasons from forest, field and farm, to table.
Canada's culinary history is rooted in thousands of years of tradition among First Nations' coastal, plains and northern aboriginal communities. These First People wove abundant natural food resources into their rich and sustainable ways of life. During the late 1500's, waves of English and the French (above), then later Irish, Scottish, German, Scandinavian and Portuguese explorers and immigrants settled in Canada from the east coast to the west, bringing their diverse culinary cultures with them. Most recently, during the past 150 years, the greatest range of immigrants and refugees arrived from further, more exotic corners of the globe including India, China, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. So while Canada's first peoples' languages may have been Eskimo-Aleut, Eurasian, and Dene-Caucasian, and the two official languages may be English and French - its culinary lexicon is deliciously multi-lingual.
Indigenous First Nations' conventions like pemmican is the predecessor of today's beef jerky. Pemmican is a super-concentrated energy food consisting of air-dried meat (right: bison, venison, bear) and berries (Saskatoons, chokecherries, wild blueberries, highbush cranberries, etc) ground to a fine powder and bound with a paste of animal fat for shaping into portable portions. Because of its high food value and long 'shelf life' pemmican was adopted and adapted by early hunters, pioneers and explorers who carried it in their pockets and packs on long journeys.
Some dishes, like Lower Canada's (Quebec) tourtiere meat pie and Acadia's (Nova Scotia colony of New France) rappie pie withstood the test of time and remain much-loved regional traditions. Other dishes, like Quebec's ultra-comfort food poutine (right) have been adopted and re-named by others. Poutine is an increasingly popular dish in America, sometimes referred to as disco fries.
When French speaking Canadians (Acadians) arrived as refugees to Louisiana in the Southern United States in the 1700's, they brought their culinary style with them, adapting it to local ingredients and integrating local cultural influences. It is not well known that today's Cajun cuisine evolved from the culinary traditions of French-speaking Canadians, and that the word Cajun evolved over several generations of people mis-pronouncing the words Canadian and Acadian.
In the early days of Lower Canada, maple sugar was the only sweetener, and the flavour maple remains as Canadian as ice hockey. Check out any airport souvenir kiosk and maple syrup takes pride of place alongside smoked salmon and stuffed polar bears. Maple sugar pie (left), maple-smoked peameal bacon and maple snow candy are eastern Canadian culinary treasures enjoyed from coast to coast.
The Canadian wine industry is relatively young, but the wines are world-class. Micro-climate specific and terroir appropriate plantings, and quality assurance programs like VQA (Vintner's Quality Assurance) accelerated quality and productivity to world-class status in just a few decades. Canada is perhaps best-known globally, for producing excellent ice wine, but the semi-arid wine growing regions of the Okanagan in British Columbia (right), and the Provence-like wine country of Southern Ontario produce stellar red, white and sparkling wines that rival any new or old world wine district.
Canadian wines are as diverse as the ethnic diversity of the country, but not surprisingly and as is the case in all wine producing countries, some varietals are particularly suited to local and regional cuisines.
Wine pairing suggestions for our vast range of modern Canadian dishes, flavours and ingredients are based largely on ingredients and spice profiles (ethnic heritage) found throughout other pages of this section. There are however, celebrated Canadian natural culinary resources (ingredients) and undisputed signature dishes, that we just had to prepare some Cole's Notes for - yes, Cole was Canadian. You'll see more whites than reds - typical of living north of the 49th.
Dish or Flavour |
Region |
Wine Pairing Suggestions |
Apples, Gala |
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Arctic Char |
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Bacon, Peameal |
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Bannock |
All |
Pair with your favourite wine as bannock offers a neutral canvas |
Beef |
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Bison |
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Blueberries |
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Butter Tarts |
ON, QC |
Definitely a light, white late-harvest or dessert wine. |
Cheddar |
ON |
Mild cheddars pair well with softer wines like Syrah, Pinot Noir , even Sauvignon Blanc. Aged cheddars support higher -tannin wines like Cabernet Sauvignon, Rioja, oaked Chardonnay |
Chokecherries |
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Cranberries |
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Dungeness Crab |
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Fiddlehead Greens |
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Halifax Donairs |
NB |
Rich and fat-forward describes donairs and their sauce. Opt or a great big red or white wine - perhaps Greek or Croatian |
Kraft Dinner |
All |
See Cheddar above for suggestions with soft or sharp varieties of KD. Sweet wines don't pair well. |
Maple |
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Montreal Smoked Beef |
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Montreal Bagels and Lox with cream cheese and dill |
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Mussels |
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Mustard |
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Nanaimo Bars |
BC |
Gorgeous paired with a slightly salty-sweet Manzanilla Sherry, or a Madeira for its smoky caramel sweetness. |
Oka Cheese |
ON |
A medium firm cheese suggests moderate pairing with Gamay, Pinot Noir, Beaujolais Nouveau, Cabernet Franc. |
Oysters |
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PEI Potatoes |
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Pemmican |
All |
Super concentrated flavours of dried smoked venison, condensed fat and dried berries invite pairing with a heavy-hitting Port or Madeira |
Poutine |
QC |
Pinot Noir and Petite Sirah/Shiraz should hold their own against the 'rich', but a big bright dry, spicy, fruity, floral Gewurztraminer may be your best bet. |
Rappie Pie |
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Salmon |
BC, NL |
Rich white wines that can support the oiliness. Oaked Chardonnay, white Burgundy, Voignier |
Sardines |
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Sparkling wines, dry Riesling, white Zinfandel, Pinot Noir and Grenache are foils for salty fish |
Saskatchewan Lentils |
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Saskatoon Berries |
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Sugar Pie |
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Tourtiere |
QC |
A crisp, acidic sparkling wine or Champagne will bring out tourtiere's complex spices but cut through the richness of the meat and pastry. Crisp apple cider is a traditional pairing. |
Venison |
QC |
Wild meat is lean and can be strong flavoured. Red, lightly fruited wines without too much tannin pair well. Cabernet France, Merlot, Pinot Noir |
Winnipeg Goldeye |
MB |
Dry white Eastern European and Greek wines, and dry sparkling wines pair well with oily, smokey fish |
Yukon Sourdough |
YT |
Yeasty sourdough bread wants to pair with beer, but suggested wines include those like Beaujoulais, with soft fruit to cut the sour. |